Exosome Therapy Frequently Asked Questions
Please note: no exosome products have been approved by the FDA. Meaning, all exosome therapies are considered experimental by the FDA.
What are exosomes?
Exosomes are a subtype of extracellular vesicles that are responsible for cell-to-cell communication.
To explain further:
Cells expel extracellular vesicles (EVs) as part of their natural functions, which can be broadly categorized into ectosomes and exosomes.
Ectosomes are a type of EV with a diameter ranging from 50nm to 1mm, encompassing microvesicles, microparticles, and larger vesicles.
Exosomes, on the other hand, are smaller EVs, measuring about 40 to 150 nm in size. Unlike ectosomes that are shed directly from the cell's plasma membrane, exosomes originate from within the endosomal system of the cell.
Exosomes can carry a variety of substances from their cell of origin, which could be any cell in the human body. This cargo includes RNA, lipids, metabolites, and proteins found both inside the cell and on its surface. Due to their diverse contents, exosomes are implicated in numerous physiological and pathological processes such as immune responses, the spread of viruses, pregnancy, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, and notably, in the diagnosis and progression of cancer.
How do exosomes work in therapy?
Exosomes play an important role in therapy by enhancing cell-to-cell communication, promoting healing, and transporting genetic information and proteins from cell to cell.
Are exosomes the same thing as stem cells?
No, exosomes are not the same as stem cells. Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles, approximately 40 to 150 nm in size, that are secreted by nearly all types of cells in the body. They act as messengers, carrying a variety of molecular signals, such as proteins, lipids, RNA, and DNA, from one cell to another. This communication can influence various physiological and pathological processes, including tissue repair, immune responses, and disease progression. Stem cells, on the other hand, are undifferentiated cells capable of dividing and developing into various cell types within the body. They play a crucial role in growth, healing, and regeneration due to their ability to differentiate and replenish other cells, offering potential for regenerative medicine.
While both exosomes and stem cells are integral to the body's healing and communication processes, their functions and characteristics are distinctly different. Exosomes can be derived from stem cells and carry signals that reflect the cell of origin's properties, including those of stem cells, but they do not have the capacity to differentiate into other cell types the way stem cells do.
Are exosomes better than stem cells for therapy?
Exosome therapy and stem cell therapy have different mechanisms and applications. While stem cell therapy involves directing stem cells to become specific cells in the body, exosome therapy does not imply the need for donor cells in the body. Exosomes are extracted from donated human mesenchymal stem cells and can be administered topically, intravenously or by direct injection into the treatment site.
Is there evidence exosomes work in therapy?
While much of the research surrounding exosomes shows great promise, it is important to note that it is currently in the pre-clinical trial phase. Further investigation is required to fully comprehend the complex nature and potential therapeutic benefits of exosomes.
Explore recent peer reviewed articles below:
A comprehensive review of the medical and cosmetic applications of exosomes in dermatology (Read Here)
A review on exosomes application in clinical trials: perspective, questions, and challenges (Read Here)
Exosomal therapy—a new frontier in regenerative medicine (Read Here)
Exosomes: Current use and future applications (Read Here)
Can exosomes cure cancer?
Exosomes are considered potential active principles for various treatments, and they play an important role in cancer development through intercellular communication. However, they are not a cure for cancer
Are exosomes dangerous or safe?
Exosomes are considered safe because they are part of our body and are released from our own cells. They have been studied in various skin conditions and wound healing. However, the FDA continues to monitor the use of exosomes in clinical applications due to potential for adverse events and improper use.